Summary

Архитектурное наследство №54: Русский

 

Bondarenko I.A.
Archaic Biomorphism of the Universe and its Reflection in Architecture

The paper describes archaic views of the universe as an organism, which has common characteristics with plants, animals and humans. In their turn, traditional architectural forms, reproducing the structure of the universe, appear to have more or less distinct biomorphic features. This allows us to make another step in the understanding of the universal symbolical basis of architectural language.

Ioannisian O.M.
Regarding the Discussions of the Dating of the Kiev St. Sophia’s Cathedral

The paper deals with the principal issues and discussions, recently taking place, concerning the time of creation of the Kiev St. Sophia’s Cathedral. The author takes a closer look at certain arguments, put forward by the adherents of a new theory of the dating of the cathedral, and offers some critical remarks regarding them.

Yelshin D.D.
St. Sophia’s Cathedral and the Church of the Dime: Regarding the Issue of Architectural Parallels

Scholars, who support the earlier dating of the St. Sophia’s Cathedral, put forward as one of their arguments the corresponding architectural, constructional and technological characteristics of the Church of the Dime and the Kiev St. Sophia’s Cathedral (architectural type, brickwork, plinthos, glazed tile, fresco plaster). The paper offers a critical discussion of the study of architectural parallels, stressing their questionable character, and, in some cases, unjustified argumentation.

Antipov I.V., Bulkin Val. A.
St. Nicholas’s Church of the Mostishchski Monastery, 1448

In 2000-2001 the expedition of the St. Petersburg State University completely unearthed the remains of a previously unknown edifice of Novgorod architecture: the Church of St. Nicholas of the Mostishchski Monastery of 1448. St. Nicholas’s Church is a relatively small four-pillared building with a single apse, its type being close to those of moderate-sized Novgorod churches of the middle - second half of the 15th century. The facades of St. Nicholas’ Church were divided into three sections by narrow pilasters, made of brick. The remains of several of them were found in the course of the diggings. The church was made out of cut limestone slabs, shell rock and brick based on sand-limestone mortar. During the excavations specialists gathered information on the methods of constructing the foundation, and uncovered wooden substructures at their foot section.

Guseva O.G.
Duration of the Construction of Ivangorod according to Written Sources

Ivangorod was founded by Ivan III on the bank of the Narova, opposite a Livonian castle, in the spring of 1492 (7000 since the creation of the world). The work began that same summer and was finished, according to what Livonian chronicles state, in four years. But historians, who studied the construction of Ivangorod, chose to believe a statement of one of the Russian chronicles: "And it was made in seven years”. The author of the present paper holds the opinion that this expression is either a traditional rhetoric form, or "seven” was used here as a symbolic number: 7000 (1492) was the year, just like 7007 (1492+7), that was perceived by Medieval mentality as the time of the end of the world. The accuracy and the detailed character of Livonian sources, the ability of Russian builders to quickly raise a town, comparison of the sizes of the masonry with the duration of erecting Ivangorod and other Russian towns, proves, in the author’s opinion, that the construction of the fortress lasted four years.

Veksler A.G., Pirogov V.U.
The Wall of the White Town of Moscow. Historical Studies and Archaeological Research

The paper deals with historical research regarding a Medieval fortress of the late 16th century, which disappeared in the 18th century. The authors, after giving a short description of the architecture of this construction, devoted their attention primarily to archaeological research, presented in chronological succession. Archaeological studies of the wall of the White Town began in 1922 with some observations made by artist A.M. Vasnetsov concerning the base of the Vsekhsviatskaya Tower in Lenivka St. In the 1930s and 1940s, as the building of the metro began, there was organized systematic underground research of the center of Moscow. Groups of archaeologists conducted excavations in Arbatskaya and Pushkinskaya squares and in the Square of the Miasnitski Gate, where the foundations of the White Town walls were unearthed. The paper particularly focuses on preservation work concerning the White Town fortress in recent years. Specialists of the Preservation Service of the Moscow Archaeological Heritage made digs of Vsekhsviatskaya Tower, sections of the walls in Trubnaya and Khokhlovskaya squares and on Rozhdestvenski Boulevard. Studying the base of the walls of the White Town greatly enriched our knowledge of the urban planning and constructive features of the largest stone fortress in Russia.

Mazur L.D.
City Fortifications of Vladimir in the 17th Century

The paper describes in detail the architecture of the Vladimir fortress, its transformation and its state in the course of the 17th century: the wooden sections (walls and towers) and the earth mounds. The structure and the dimensions of the towers, as well as their positioning is also analyzed. Some attention is also given to the fortress’ water supply and the placement of powder depots.

Veklenko V.A.
 Archaeological Research of the Bogoroditski Fortress and its Posad: Preliminary Results

The paper is devoted to the first results of the many years of archaeological excavations of an outstanding construction of the Late Medieval and early Modern Epoch: the Russian Bogoroditski (Novobogoroditski) Fortress, raised in 1688 in the place of the old Cossack town Samar’, first known owing to the charter of the Polish king Stefan Batory of 1576. Some discovered objects are analyzed, found both as a result of studying the remains of constructions and the cultural layer. The author also focuses on the history of the fortress within the context of military and political events of the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

Baranova S.I.
“Archdeacon Stefan” and others: regarding the Glazed Tile Décor of Zaiauziye Seventeenth-Century Churches

The paper deals with the history of the construction of churches with tiled décor in one of the oldest Moscow districts – Zayauziye (regions beyond the Yauza River), where Goncharnaya (Potter) Sloboda, which in the 17th century was the center of ceramic production, was located. For the first time the tile décor of the Church of Archdeacon Stefan (1701), taken down in 1932, is being studied. Some glazed tiles, preserved in museum collections, and archive materials allow us to reconstruct the ceramic décor of the building, where, apart from the traditional ways of using tiles as an embellishment, one can see an interesting innovation – ceramic plates on the wall with full-length representations of the Evangelists. The author suggests that the construction and the adornment of the church was sponsored by the parishioners – masters specializing in ceramics, for whom presenting tiles for their church was a form of donation and an example of "guild patriotism”.

Nikitina T.L.
Frescoes of the Savior-on-the-Torg Church in Rostov: the Interpretation of the Elite Tradition in Posad Culture

The paper analyzes the monumental wall-painting of the Savior-on-the-Torg Church in Rostov the Great, created in the early 1690s and commissioned by the inhabitants of the Rostov posad (town), in the light of its connection with the "high” fresco tradition, that had been formed at the court of the Rostov metropolitan. It also studies the characteristic features of the compositional structure of the wall-paintings, its subject matter and iconography. The author stresses her attention on the hypothesis that these compositions were made by local masters.

Zaruchevskaya E.B.
St. Nicholas’ Church in the Village Zachachiye of the Arkhangelsk Region: History of Construction

The paper is devoted to the history of the construction of a well-known building of Russian wooden architecture. St. Nicholas’ Church is studied within the general context of a group of edifices of the Zachachinski Parish, consisting of three churches and a bell-tower. The author, basing her analysis on freshly-discovered written and graphic sources, as well as on new photo-documents, defines the principal stages of construction, looks into the changes that took place in the architecture of parish churches and accompanying edifices. The published materials allow the reader to see in a different light some of the pages of the history of wooden architecture.

Maciel Sánchez L.
The Light of Lavra in Partibus Infidelium: Ukrainian Forms in 18th-Century Siberian Architecture

The only part of Russia of the late 17th - first half of the 18th century where Ukrainian forms became the basis of local architectural schools was Siberia. The key Ukrainian figure was metropolitan Filofey Leshchinski (1650–1727), a fervent preacher among native pagans and Old Believers and a true apostle of Siberian lands. The splendid Trinity Monastery in Tiumen’ (1708–1741), which copied the Kiev Lavra, was his main architectural legacy. "Ukrainianisms” were adopted by Siberian architectural traditions as symbolic models and also as simply a building method. Tobol’sk masons succeeded in the blending of Ukrainian façades with traditional Russian volumes. If composition with "big octagon” wasn’t a great achievement, the churches with "little octagon” — the first was "Archangel Michael” (1745–1749) in Tobol’sk — were successfully adopted by different local traditions and were built throughout Siberia till the early 19th c.

Nikolayeva M.V., Shakhova A.D.
Urban Estate in Tverskaya St. of the White Town, in the Parish of the Church of St. Basil of Neocaesaria: History of the Formation of the Grounds, its Buildings and Owners in the 17th-19th centuries

The paper is dedicated to a nobleman’s estate, located in the center of Moscow, in Tverskaya St., in the Parish of the Church of St. Basil of Neocaesaria. Its history can be traced through a period of three centuries: its owners in the 17th and in the first half of the 18th centuries were Princes Tiufiakin, then the Kiseliovs, in the 19th century – General-Field Marshal Count I.V. Gudovich and others. The borders of the territory of the estate in question in Tverskaya St., that can be studied from 17th-century documents, were substantially altered in the 1720s-1740s by its owner Feodor Grigorievich Tiufiakin, after he bought some of the land that had belonged to his neighbors. The construction of the principal building of the estate is also connected with the name of G.F. Tiufiakin – a residential stone house, commissioned in 1734 from the Bykov brothers, peasants from the Yaroslavl Uyezd, in 1734. And in 1744 the construction was completed by the peasants from the same area – S.M. Pleshakov and A.I. Yershev. Newly-discovered sources – both from archives and published ones (written and graphic) – allowed historians not just to establish the succession of owners, to reconstruct the stages of formation of one of the city’s nobility’s estates and to show, to a certain degree, its appearance in terms of architecture and urban planning, but also to establish its place within the city’s environment and its topographic landmarks of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.

Shumilkin S.M.
Trade Fairs in Russian Urban Planning in the 17th-19th Centuries

The current paper, for the first time, looks into the issue of the geographical location and evolution of interrelations of the main trade fair centers of Russia of the 17th – early 20th centuries. The author focuses his attention on their architecture and lay-out, as well as on their types within the town environment. Studying the most important fairs of the 19th century - Korennaya, Makarievskaya and Nizhegorodskaya – he analyzes their architecture and structure, the formation of fair trade centers as large multifunctional complexes, planned with the participation of significant architects of the capital.

Buraya I.V.
Stylistic Characteristics of Syzran Architecture in the 18th – Early 20th Centuries

The paper deals with the development of architectural style in Syzran – the former district (uyezd) center of the Simbirsk Government (presently Samara Region). The author describes the specific features of the formation and development of the architectural style of the town from the 18th to the 20th centuries, as well as landscape, social-economic and other factors influencing Syzran’s urban development, which shaped its singular appearance during the period in question. The work, in studying local architecture, focuses on different types of constructions: churches, private residences, public offices and industrial buildings.

Korentsvit V.A.
Is Paul I the Author of the Kharlampiyev Monastery in Gatchina?

Russian Emperor Paul I, assuming patronage over the Maltese Order, that had been oppressed by Napoleon, received the rank of its Grand Master. In his residence in Gatchina, near St. Petersburg, in the palace church there were kept the principal relics of the order. On the outskirts of the park the Prior’s Palace appeared, and the Monastery of St. Charalampias was founded for the order. We have extant project drafts of the religious house with Paul’s remarks: "Be it so. Year 1800”. One of the drafts is signed by the great Russian architect A.D. Zakharov. The construction of the monastery was stopped soon after Paul was assassinated in March 1801. Parts of the edifices that have been already completed were now taken down, so there were no visible traces left of them. Archaeologist V.A. Korentsvit, making some digs in 2006, has established the exact location of the monastery. Analyzing the drafts aroused doubts regarding the authorship of the famous Andreyan Zakharov. A hypothesis is being put forward in the paper, that the real author of the unconvincing project was not a professional architect, but the particularly passionate romantic Paul I, who was so interested in architecture.

Ovsiannikov S.N., Sorokina M.N.
Buildings Based on K.I. Rossi’s Projects in Rybinsk and their Fate

The famous St. Petersburg architect Karl Rossi, at an early stage of his career, in the autumn of 1811, created eighteen façade projects of public and private buildings for the provincial town of Rybinsk. The present paper, for the first time, includes full information, collected from various sources, regarding the circumstances in which these projects appeared. It also describes the future of some of the constructions, that these projects refer to. The majority of them have not come down to us, and not a single edifice preserved the appearance that had been designed by the famous master of architecture. The authors come to the conclusion that the inhabitants of a provincial town could not fully appreciate the significance of Rossi’s design, and, probably, did not connect it with his name. At the same time, it is obvious that his work did not pass unnoticed for the architectural aspect of Rybinsk.

Ivanova-Ve’en L.I., Pechionkin I.E.
Reconstruction of the Complex of Buildings of the Stroganov College in 1890-1892 (Architect S.Y. Soloviov)

The paper describes a stage in the history of a group of buildings in Rozhdestvenka St. (presently the MARKhI). In 1890 the city estate was handed over to the Stroganov College. Lack of financing did not allow the new owners to tear down the old edifices, which for a long time had functioned as clinics of the Moscow University, and to erect in their place something new. It was decided to make a reconstruction, which was commissioned from S.Y. Soloviov, a young graduate of the Imperial Academy of Arts. Working out a new plan for the main edifice and raising a house at the corner of Rozhdestvenka and a side street, Soloviov created a group of new halls, designed for teaching students, for demonstrating the collection of the Arts and Industry Museum, for the chancellery and the apartments of the college employees. The new front of the main building, reconstructed by Soloviov in the Neo-Renaissance Style, and ornamented with majolica elements, made the Rozhdestvenka project a rare example, in Moscow, of civil architecture of the period of Historicism.

Nashchiokina M.V.
A Project of Edward Niermans in Moscow

The paper is dedicated to defining more precisely the attribution and to the comparative study of a unique example of French Art Nouveau – the interior of R. Kӧler’s Store in Nikolskaya St. in Moscow. A magnificent ensemble, dating to the early 20th century, of multicolored glass mosaics, depicting flowers, that decorate the vaulting and the inner sides of window openings and doorways, has come down to us. Here one can see a splendidly executed full palette of Art Nouveau. The author also establishes a connection between R. Kӧler’s commission and an elegant set of commercial furniture, which until recently decorated a chemist’s shop in Pervaya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Street.

Kirikov B.M.
Building of the Joint-Stock Company "Singer & Co”: Compositional and Stylistic Features

The paper deals with the history of creation and with stylistic and compositional features of the "Singer” Company Building – the most well-known example of St. Petersburg Art Nouveau, raised in 1902-1904, by the distinguished architect P.Y. Suzort. For the first time in Russian historical studies the author writes about the participation of E. Flagg, an American architect, in the project. He analyzes P.Y. Suzort’s project and its realization, stressing its characteristic features, influenced by various American and European architectural schools. The author also notes the structural innovations of this early Russian office building with a metal carcass. Special attention is given to the urban planning role of the "Singer” Company House, a new architectural accent in St. Petersburg’s center, establishing its connection with the previously existing vertical dominants and with the historical context of the Nevski Boulevard ensemble.

Kirichenko E.I.
The Gorki Estate and its Historical Prototypes

The Gorki estate is the last large architectural ensemble, created by F.O. Shekhtel in pre-revolutionary Russia. Beginning with his first projects of manors of the late 1880s and ending with the Gorki Estate of the 1910s F.O. Shekhtel used the same principle of structuring the space of the estate, which in Russian architecture had been first introduced by M.D. Bykovski, when in the 1830s he was rebuilding the Marfino estate. The essence of this approach is to preserve in their places the preceding constructions of the ensemble, at the same time radically changing the principle and the park facades of the manor. The old main front was turned into the park front and vice versa. The result brought alterations in the scenario of approaching the central building from the entrance of the estate. As to the appearance of the edifices, it changed following the evolution of architectural styles.

Ushakova O.B.
The Works of the Finnish Architect Olivia Lӧnn and her Project – the Hospital of the Society of Nurses in the Town Serdobol (Sortavala)

The name of Olivia Mathilda Lӧnn (Wivi Lӧnn) is not very well-known in Russia, even though she was the first female architect in Europe, and did not just receive education as an architect, but created her own architectural bureau. We should remember, however, that until 1917 the Grand Duchy of Finland, where Wivi Lӧnn worked, was a part of the Russian Empire. Wivi Lӧnn’s most creative years corresponded with the first decades of the 20th century. The paper focuses on the role that Wivi Lӧnn’s works played in the appearance of such Finnish cities as Tammerforsch (Tampere) and Jyväskylä in the early 20th century. In present-day Russia, in the town Sortavala, we can see the only building in our country, created by Wivi Lӧnn: the Hospital of the Society of Nurses, erected in 1907. The paper describes the history of the creation of this edifice, emphasizing its role within the context of Sortavala urban planning.